19.060 (Mechanical testing) 标准查询与下载

ASTM E1237-93(2014) 安装耦合电阻应变仪的标准指南

4.1 Methods and procedures used in installing bonded resistance strain gages can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of surface deformation requires appropriate and consistent surface preparation, mounting procedures, and verification techniques. 1.1 This guide provides guidelines for installing bonded resistance strain gages. It is not intended to be used for bulk or diffused semiconductor gages. This document pertains only to adhesively bonded strain gages. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

ASTM D5277-92(2015) 使用倾斜材料冲击试验机运行程序设计水平冲击的标准试验方法

4.1 This test method is for use in evaluating the capability of a container or shipping system to withstand sudden shocks and crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces resulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts. This test method may also be used to compare the performance of different container designs or shipping systems. The test may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a container or shipping system and damage to the contents. See Practice D4169 for additional guidance. 4.2 This test method is not suitable for reproducing impact resulting from the switching of rail cars using long-travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. Refer to Method D4003 (revised) as a more suitable method for testing under these circumstances, or when more precise control of shock inputs is required. 1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail switching of rail cars with standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be used for pallet marshalling tests. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 6.

Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester

ASTM E251-92(2009) 金属胶结抗应变仪运行特性的标准试验方法

Strain gauges are the most widely used devices for the determination of materials, properties and for analyzing stresses in structures. However, performance parameters of strain gauges are affected by both the materials from which they are made and their geometric design. These test methods detail the minimum information that must accompany strain gauges if they are to be used with acceptable accuracy of measurement. Most performance parameters of strain gauges require mechanical testing that is destructive. Since test gauges cannot be used again, it is necessary to treat data statistically and then apply values to the remaining population from the same lot or batch. Failure to acknowledge the resulting uncertainties can have serious repercussions. Resistance measurement is non-destructive and can be made for each gauge. Properly designed and manufactured strain gauges, whose properties have been accurately determined and with appropriate uncertainties applied, represent powerful measurement tools. They can determine small dimensional changes in structures with excellent accuracy, far beyond that of other known devices. It is important to recognize, however, that individual strain gauges cannot be calibrated. If calibration and traceability to a standard are required, strain gauges should not be employed. To be used, strain gauges must be bonded to a structure. Good results depend heavily on the materials used to clean the bonding surface, to bond the gauge, and to provide a protective coating. Skill of the installer is another major factor in success. Finally, instrumentation systems must be carefully designed to assure that they do not unduly degrade the performance of the gauges. In many cases, it is impossible to achieve this goal. If so, allowance must be made when considering accuracy of data. Test conditions can, in some instances, be so severe that error signals from strain gauge systems far exceed those from the structural deformations to be measured. Great care must be exercised in documenting magnitudes of error signals so that realistic values can be placed on associated uncertainties.1.1 The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform test methods for the determination of strain gauge performance characteristics. Suggested testing equipment designs are included. 1.2 Test Methods E 251 describes methods and procedures for determining five strain gauge parameters: Section Part I—General Requirements 7 Part II—Resistance at a Reference Temperature 8 Part III—Gauge Factor at a Reference Temperature 9 Part IV—Temperature Coefficient of Gauge Factor10 Part V—Transverse Sensitivity11 Part VI—Thermal Output12 1.3 Strain gauges are very sensitive devices with essentially infinite resolution. Their response to strain, however, is low and great care must be exercised in their use. The pe......

Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

ASTM D5277-92(2008) 使用倾斜材料冲击试验机运行程序设计水平冲击的标准试验方法

This test method is for use in evaluating the capability of a container or shipping system to withstand sudden shocks and crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces resulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts. This test method may also be used to compare the performance of different container designs or shipping systems. The test may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a container or shipping system and damage to the contents. See Practice D 4169 for additional guidance. This test method is not suitable for reproducing impact resulting from the switching of rail cars using long-travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. Refer to Method D 4003 (revised) as a more suitable method for testing under these circumstances, or when more precise control of shock inputs is required.1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail switching of rail cars with standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be used for pallet marshalling tests. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 6.

Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester

ASTM E251-92(1998) IV型货舱床标准规格（M923,5吨货车/ M1083,5吨中型战车（MTV）/ M1082,5吨MTV拖车）

1.1 The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform test methods for the determination of strain gage performance characteristics. Suggested testing equipment designs are included. 1.2 Test Methods E251 describes methods and procedures for determining five strain gage parameters: Section Part I---General Requirements 7 Part II---Resistance at a Reference Temperature 8 Part III---Gage Factor at a Reference Temperature 9 Part IV---Temperature Coefficient of Gage Factor 10 Part V---Transverse Sensitivity 11 Part VI---Thermal Output 12 1.3 Strain gages are very sensitive devices with essentially infinite resolution. Their response to strain, however, is low and great care must be exercised in their use. The performance characteristics identified by these test methods must be known to an acceptable accuracy to obtain meaningful results in field applications. 1.3.1 Strain gage resistance is used to balance instrumentation circuits and to provide a reference value for measurements since all data are related to a change in the gage resistance from a known reference value. 1.3.2 Gage factor is the transfer function of a strain gage. It relates resistance change in the gage and strain to which it is subjected. Accuracy of strain gage data can be no better than the precision of the gage factor. 1.3.3 Changes in gage factor as temperature varies also affect accuracy although to a much lesser degree since variations are usually small. 1.3.4 Transverse sensitivity is a measure of the strain gage''s response to strains perpendicular to its measurement axis. Although transverse sensitivity is usually much less than 10% of the gage factor, large errors can occur if the value is not known with reasonable precision. 1.3.5 Thermal output is the response of a strain gage to temperature changes. Thermal output is an additive (not multiplicative) error. Therefore, it can often be much larger than the gage output from structural loading. To correct for these effects, thermal output must be determined from gages bonded to specimens of the same material on which the tests are to run; often to the test structure itself. 1.4 Bonded resistance strain gages differ from extensometers in that they measure average unit elongation ([delta]L/L) over a nominal gage length rather than total elongation between definite gage points. Practice E83 is not applicable to these gages. 1.5 These test methods do not apply to transducers, such as load cells and extensometers, that use bonded resistance strain gages as sensing elements. 1.6 Strain gages are part of a complex system that includes structure, adhesive, gage, leadwires, instrumentation, and (often) environmental protection. As a result, many things affect the performance of strain gages, including user technique. A further complication is that strain gages once installed normally cannot be reinstalled in another location. Therefore, gage characteristics can be stated only on a statistical basis. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

ASTM E251-92(2003) 金属粘结电阻应变仪性能特征的标准试验方法

Strain gages are the most widely used devices for the determination of materials, properties and for analyzing stresses in structures. However, performance parameters of strain gages are affected by both the materials from which they are made and their geometric design. These test methods detail the minimum information that must accompany strain gages if they are to be used with acceptable accuracy of measurement. Most performance parameters of strain gages require mechanical testing that is destructive. Since test gages cannot be used again, it is necessary to treat data statistically and then apply values to the remaining population from the same lot or batch. Failure to acknowledge the resulting uncertainties can have serious repercussions. Resistance measurement is non-destructive and can be made for each gage. Properly designed and manufactured strain gages, whose properties have been accurately determined and with appropriate uncertainties applied, represent powerful measurement tools. They can determine small dimensional changes in structures with excellent accuracy, far beyond that of other known devices. It is important to recognize, however, that individual strain gages cannot be calibrated. If calibration and traceability to a standard are required, strain gages should not be employed. To be used, strain gages must be bonded to a structure. Good results depend heavily on the materials used to clean the bonding surface, to bond the gage, and to provide a protective coating. Skill of the installer is another major factor in success. Finally, instrumentation systems must be carefully designed to assure that they do not unduly degrade the performance of the gages. In many cases, it is impossible to achieve this goal. If so, allowance must be made when considering accuracy of data. Test conditions can, in some instances, be so severe that error signals from strain gage systems far exceed those from the structural deformations to be measured. Great care must be exercised in documenting magnitudes of error signals so that realistic values can be placed on associated uncertainties.1.1 The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform test methods for the determination of strain gage performance characteristics. Suggested testing equipment designs are included.1.2 Test Methods E 251 describes methods and procedures for determining five strain gage parameters:SectionPart I-General Requirements7Part II-Resistance at a Reference Temperature8Part III-Gage Factor at a Reference Temperature9Part IV-Temperature Coefficient of Gage Factor10Part V-Transverse Sensitivity11Part VI-Thermal Output121.3 Strain gages are very sensitive devices with essentially infinite resolution. Their response to strain, however, is low and great care must be exercised in their use. The performance characteristics identified by these test methods must be known to an acceptable accuracy to obtain meaningful results in field applications.1.3.1 Strain gage resistance is used to balance instrumentation circuits and to provide a reference value for measurements since all data are related to a change in the gage resistance from a known reference value.1.3.2 Gage factor is the transfer function of a strain gage. It relates resistance change in the gage and strain to which it is subjected. Accuracy of strain gage data can be no better than the precision of the gage factor.1.3.3 Changes in gage factor as temperature varies also affect accuracy although to a much lesser degree since variations are usually small.1.3.4 Transverse sensitivity is a measure of the strain gage''s respons......

Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

ASTM E251-92(2014) 金属胶结抗应变仪运行特性的标准试验方法

4.1 Strain gages are the most widely used devices for the determination of materials, properties and for analyzing stresses in structures. However, performance parameters of strain gages are affected by both the materials from which they are made and their geometric design. These test methods detail the minimum information that must accompany strain gages if they are to be used with acceptable accuracy of measurement. 4.2 Most performance parameters of strain gages require mechanical testing that is destructive. Since test gages cannot be used again, it is necessary to treat data statistically and then apply values to the remaining population from the same lot or batch. Failure to acknowledge the resulting uncertainties can have serious repercussions. Resistance measurement is non-destructive and can be made for each gage. 4.3 Properly designed and manufactured strain gages, whose properties have been accurately determined and with appropriate uncertainties applied, represent powerful measurement tools. They can determine small dimensional changes in structures with excellent accuracy, far beyond that of other known devices. It is important to recognize, however, that individual strain gages cannot be calibrated. If calibration and traceability to a standard are required, strain gages should not be employed. 4.4 To be used, strain gages must be bonded to a structure. Good results depend heavily on the materials used to clean the bonding surface, to bond the gage, and to provide a protective coating. Skill of the installer is another major factor in success. Finally, instrumentation systems must be carefully designed to assure that they do not unduly degrade the performance of the gages. In many cases, it is impossible to achieve this goal. If so, allowance must be made when considering accuracy of data. Test conditions can, in some instances, be so severe that error signals from strain gage systems far exceed those from the structural deformations to be measured. Great care must be exercised in documenting magnitudes of error signals so that realistic values can be placed on associated uncertainties. 1.1 The purpose of these test methods are to provide uniform test methods for the determination of strain gage performance characteristics. Suggested testing equipment designs are included. 1.2 Test Methods E251 describes methods and procedures for determining five strain gage parameters:   Section Part I—General Requirements  7

Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

ASTM E739-91(1998) 线性或线性化应力寿命(S-N)和应变寿命(e-N)疲劳数据的统计分析的标准规程

1.1 This practice pertains only to S-N and e-N relationships that may be reasonably approximated by a straight line (on appropriate coordinates) for a specific interval of stress or strain. It presents elementary procedures that presently reflect good practice in modeling and analysis. However, because the actual S-N or e-N relationship is approximated by a straight line only within a specific interval of stress or strain, and because the actual fatigue life distribution is unknown, it is not recommended that (a) the S-N or e-N curve be extrapolated outside the interval of testing, or (b) the fatigue life at a specific stress or strain amplitude be estimated below approximately the fifth percentile (P [similar] 0.05). As alternative fatigue models and statistical analyses are continually being developed, later revisions of this practice may subsequently present analyses that permit more complete interpretation of S-N and e-N data.

Standard Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (e-N) Fatigue Data

ASTM E1049-85(2005) 疲劳分析的周期计数标准实施规程

Cycle counting is used to summarize (often lengthy) irregular load-versus-time histories by providing the number of times cycles of various sizes occur. The definition of a cycle varies with the method of cycle counting. These practices cover the procedures used to obtain cycle counts by various methods, including level-crossing counting, peak counting, simple-range counting, range-pair counting, and rainflow counting. Cycle counts can be made for time histories of force, stress, strain, torque, acceleration, deflection, or other loading parameters of interest.1.1 These practices are a compilation of acceptable procedures for cycle-counting methods employed in fatigue analysis. This standard does not intend to recommend a particular method.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practices for Cycle Counting in Fatigue Analysis

ASTM E1049-85(1997) 疲劳分析循环计数的标准实践

1.1 These practices are a compilation of acceptable procedures for cycle-counting methods employed in fatigue analysis. This standard does not intend to recommend a particular method. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practices for Cycle Counting in Fatigue Analysis

ASTM E1049-85(2011)e1 疲劳分析周期计算的标准操作规程

Cycle counting is used to summarize (often lengthy) irregular load-versus-time histories by providing the number of times cycles of various sizes occur. The definition of a cycle varies with the method of cycle counting. These practices cover the procedures used to obtain cycle counts by various methods, including level-crossing counting, peak counting, simple-range counting, range-pair counting, and rainflow counting. Cycle counts can be made for time histories of force, stress, strain, torque, acceleration, deflection, or other loading parameters of interest.1.1 These practices are a compilation of acceptable procedures for cycle-counting methods employed in fatigue analysis. This standard does not intend to recommend a particular method. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practices for Cycle Counting in Fatigue Analysis